Showing 8 results for Gmm
Mahmoud Mahmoud -Zadeh, Somayyeh Sadeghi, Sorayya Sadeghi, Fatemeh Hamidi-Afra,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (1-2012)
Abstract
This article tries to analyze the effect of eliminating the electricity subsidy on the intensity of this energy in production industries during 1995-2007 using GMM dynamic panel data method. Having used the cost function with Cobb-Douglas form, it was recognized that there is a negative and significant relationship between electricity intensity and its price. Meanwhile, the increase in the price indices of other inputs leads to electricity energy substitution with such other inputs. Moreover, energy intensity decreases along the technological advances with the pass of time. Later, electricity price liberalization scenario starts to hypothetically and steadily increase its nominal price within 2010-2014. The findings show that the electricity energy intensity decreased after its price is liberalized in a way that the lion’s share of such a slash belonged to the first year of the liberalization policy execution while the amount of energy intensity cut was decreased over the next years.
Somaye Sadeghi,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
The new theories on international economic indicate that the shocks from trade and financial integrations have different effects on business cycle synchronization. This paper investigates these effects on business cycle synchronization in ECO Countries, during 1993-2011 by introducing a new and dynamic cross correlation index. The results show that an increase of trade and financial transactions causes to strengthen business cycle synchronization in ECO Countries. Also, more industrial similarity between a pair of countries induces the higher bilateral synchronization.
Gholamali Farjadi, Seyed Ahmadreza Jalali-Naeeni, Vahid Ghaderpanah,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (12-2017)
Abstract
Today with obsolescence policy of import substitution industrialization, countries are opening their commercial doors to each other. But one of the problems of developing countries is high rate of educated unemployed people. Iran is facing tow phenomena. The first is High rate of educated unemployed people and the second is the increasing in the participation rate. In this survey with information of 49 countries we found that firstly, openness result in increasing the ratio of the educated workforce to total workforce. Secondly, the service sector has more effective than the industrial sector in the ratio of demand of educated workforce. Third, for the entire of 49 countries listed, the ratio of high-tech exports to total exports has a poorly positive impact on the ratio of educated workforce. And forth, the capital output ratio has a negligible positive impact on the ratio of educated workforce to total workforce.
Amir Bagheri, Hamid Nazeman,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract
The transition from a structurally old-fashion and vertically integrated electric power industry to a new one in which production, distribution, and retail sale of electricity are treated separately, is usually accompanied by establishing an electricity market both at wholesale and retail sale levels. In pursuance of the success story in re-structuring the electric power industry worldwide, Iran also launched the electric power market in 1383 (AD 2004). One of the concerns of regulators in the electricity sector in every country is the extent and degree of competitiveness in the electric power market that safeguards the interest of electricity users. The present paper aims to evaluate the performance of the wholesale market for electricity within the framework of profit maximization modeling for power generating industries concerning deviation from perfect market conditions. The findings of this paper indicate that on average, power market performance in Iran deviates by 18 percent from the result expected in a competitive market.
Alireza Amini, Behnam Nikbin,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
The highly-educated labor force unemployment rate rapidly overtook the unemployment rate of the less-educated workers for the last two decades. This paper focuses on the factors which affect labor demand
considering the level of education using the data from 1986 to 2017.
Results based on the Multiple-Equation Generalized Method of Moments estimator demonstrate that non-oil GDP, relative wages, capital-labor ratio, and labor costs–capital costs ratio have a significant impact on labor demand in terms of education level. Also, it is demonstrated that the highly-educated labor force can adjust to its desired level at a slower pace than the less educated workforce. Furthermore, it is denoted that non-oil GDP affects labor demand in a positive and significant way with more impact on the workers with higher education. Other findings indicate that in Iran’s labor market, highly-educated labor force and workers without college/university degree are substitutes, hence policies like wage subsidies and employer insurance exemption for employing higher education graduates can stimulate labor demand for a highly-educated workforce in a positive and significant manner. On the other hand, as it is found that labor and capital are substitutes, policies that make labor costlier than capital may result in employment reduction. Finally, the technological progress that arises from increases in capital per capita has a positive and significant effect on the labor force with higher education, but it influences less-educated labor employment negatively and significantly.
Alireza Amini, Behnam Nikbin,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Despite the low participation rate of women in the labor market, the unemployment rate of women has increased significantly and has exceeded the unemployment rate of men in the last three decades. This paper focuses on the factors which affect labor demand considering gender using the data for the period 1986-2017. Based on the Multiple-Equation Generalized Method of Moments estimator, the results demonstrate that non-oil GDP has a positive and significant, and relative wages, capital-labor ratio, and labor costs–capital costs ratio have a negative and significant impact on labor demand by gender. The results of model estimation show that the speed of labor adjustment toward the desired level for female labor is slower compared to male labor. Furthermore, it is denoted that non-oil GDP affects labor demand positively with more impact on the female labor force. Other findings indicate that in the Iran’s labor market, male and female labors are substitutes hence, policies like wage subsidies for employing female labor force can stimulate female labor demand in a positive and significant way. On the other hand, as it is found that labor and capital are substitutes, policies that make labor more costly than capital may result in employment reduction. Finally, the technological progress that arises from increases in capital per capita has a negative and significant effect on both the female and male labor force.
Hosein Ameri,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract
Recent research findings regarding cost behavior have shown that costs do not change in proportion to changes in sales. In other words, while costs increase with rising sales, they do not decrease proportionately with falling sales. This asymmetric behavior of costs is referred to as cost stickiness. Furthermore, competition has led to a reduction in stagnation and recession in the market, compelling economic entities to operate with greater efficiency and productivity in order to survive under competitive conditions. Therefore, competition is recognized as a catalyst for innovation and creativity, which can contribute to the dynamism and economic development of society. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of competition on cost stickiness in the banking industry of Iran. To achieve this goal, data from 20 banks over the period of 2016-2023 were analyzed using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and panel data techniques. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between competition and cost stickiness in banks. In other words, with an increase in competition, the cost stickiness of banks also rises.
Maryam Gahramzehi, Gholamreza Zamanian, Marziyeh Esfandiari,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract
Abstract The impact of government expenditure on economic growth has always been one of the most important elements in managing a country's affairs towards achieving desirable and sustainable economic growth. Corruption is a common phenomenon in countries with bloated governments. Given the role of natural resources in shaping corruption and rent-seeking behavior, controlling corruption is essential for selected OPEC member countries, as well as the impact of government expenditure on economic growth in these countries. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the role of corruption control in the impact of government expenditure on economic growth for selected OPEC member countries during the period 2002-2022, using annual data and employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the Threshold Model by Hansen (1999). The findings indicate that government expenditure has a nonlinear effect on economic growth, meaning that the research model has a threshold for corruption control at a significant level of 95% with a value of -1.4622. The results show that at lower levels than the threshold variable (CC), government expenditure positively impacts economic growth. However, at higher levels than the threshold variable (CC), government expenditure has a negative impact on economic growth. Considering the magnitude of the corruption control index in selected OPEC member countries and the study results, implementing expansionary fiscal policies by governments is not recommended. Theoretically, these findings support the theory of "grease the wheels.
