Showing 21 results for Productivity
Mohamad Ardehali, Zeynab Hashempour,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (12-2009)
Abstract
In the recent literature of economics, entrepreneurship has been regarded as a key factor in the economic growth. Thus, encouraging of entrepreneurship is highly recommended in public policies. In the national production function, the role of entrepreneurship capital and labor is invaluable. Entrepreneurship capital is the capacity of an economy to generate entrepreneurial behavior. Increase of this capital would result in an increase in the number of entrepreneurs entrepreneurs develop innovation and competition, which, in turn, can cause more productivity and employment.
In conducting this paper, entrepreneurship has been approached from the macroeconomic viewpoint, followed by practical suggestions for increasing entrepreneurship rate. As a short run strategy, training entrepreneurship and supporting entrepreneurs are suggested. Meanwhile, using successful entrepreneurs and avoiding formal schooling as a way of training efficient entrepreneurs are also recommended. It must be noted that, policies for increasing entrepreneurship capital in the long run will bring about considerable economic growth. Of these policies, promoting self-employment culture, creating new knowledge and appropriate regulation for facilitating new businesses can be mentioned.
Ahmad Shabani, Hojatoolah Abdolmaleki,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (5-2011)
Abstract
Contemporary global economy is known as modern economy, digital economy or knowledge-based economy. Extraordinary promotion of the knowledge role in recent decades as the main factor of production (particularly regarding modern and knowledge-based industries) and also effective factor in improvement of total productivity of production factors, have been important in theorizing knowledge-based economy. In recent centuries and decades, economic thinkers of various schools have paid much attention to the role of knowledge in production and economy. However the speedy development of Information and communication Technology (ICT) and other modern sciences as well as globalization of economy have led to wonderful growth of knowledge effectiveness in contemporary economics and theorization in this field. Considering role of knowledge in the contemporary economics, many countries including Iran have been trying to plan their economic development policies according to this element. In order to collect the related information with the aim of improving, completing or repairing the country knowledge-based development policies, this paper studies the theoretical aspects of the subject as well as the experiences of the leading countries in this field. The findings of this paper shows that issues such as research and development activities commercialization, regional and inter-regional knowledge-based development policy-making, infrastructure and e-government services development, and so on are some shortcomings of the country’s knowledge-based development policies.
Mahmoud Mashadi-Ahmad ,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (8-2012)
Abstract
Doubtlessly, poverty is one of the greatest concerns of human societies and economic systems. Obviously, if economics and economists can not produce a proper analysis of such a bitter phenomenon and provide a solution to fight against it, their knowledge will be in vain. In Fact if productivity-oriented economists are merely able to attribute poverty to low productivity of individuals, they have to admit that their economic theory is no more than a tale for half of human beings. This is one of the critical and emphatic points, explained in this paper that makes it distinguished from other works in this area. Indeed the subject of this study is that diametrically different from the opinion of the mainstream economists, poverty does not have an origin related to individuals on the contrary, it comes from institutional shortcomings and it is not just the outcome of individual inefficiency. This article tries to explain that mainstream economics has not well introduced the rots of poverty while institutions such as well-to-do class, heritage, manners and traditions could rather be regarded the major causes of individual poverty. Moreover, deductive logics as well as mathematical methodology, which are widely used in mainstream economics, have deprived such economists from the research methods emphasized by institutional economists such as participant-observer method. Yet, some recent institutional researches, conducted with the same method, have well revealed that most previous studies on poverty had neglected crucial points pertaining to the subject.
Ali Raeispour, Jamshid Pajooyan,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (1-2014)
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of public health expenditures and economic changes on Iran. To do so,it shall use a solo model, a model to explain variations in national health and productivity of an input.It reviews the scientific literature and the effectiveness and accountability of the public health expenditure & labor productivity empirical results of panel 28 provinces of the data model in the period of a judge and review the impact during 1379-89.The results indicate that the cost of health expenditure has positive effects on labor productivity are constant, while the investments in infrastructure, health, impact on productivity of ink has been. 6.3 % of GDPr growth embodied on productivity improvements, results from total government health investment growth in action. It is important to note that the current government health spending is 20 times greater than the impact of government health expenditure in the course of construction are. At the regional level, as well as different patterns of growth resulting from improvement has been seen that this can be interpreted by considering the characteristics of each province.
Siavash Jani,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (1-2014)
Abstract
The studies show if the wages are assigned by productivity, with wage discrepancy increase, income inequality will be caused by productivity increase. So by estimating total productivity the relation between productivity and income inequality index will be estimated by using econometrics model in Iran during (1974-2009). The results show that not only income inequality has a relation with unemployment and inflation but also has positive relation with total factor productivity (and labor productivity) on the other hand when the share of wage and salary caused by productivity growth increase, the income inequality will increase significantly. According to the positive relation of productivity with wage and salary these results show that productivity increase will cause income inequality by expanding inequality of wage and salary.
Jamal Fathollahi, Mahmood Motavasseli, Farshad Moameni, Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Najafi,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
Productivity improvement, as an efficient and effective way of using inputs,is the most important aim in any economy. The first step to improve each economic variable is the recognition of current situation. There is a lot of researchmeasuring TFP in macroeconomic level but all of them calculated effiecency and neglegted effectiveness.This study is based on institutional economic framework and attempt to provide indicators that measure the effectiveness as well.To do this, we propose some indices and present Iran national productivity situation using this indices through 1973- 2008.
The indicators are:
Labor input indicators such as participation index and labor productivity which is calculated by using output measures like GNP, Welfare, Human development Index and Social capital.
Indicators related to crude oil inputs that are measurable based on the amount and values of crude oil extracted. In the case of crud oil, quantity based Indicatorsis increasind but value based indicators is decreasing. Quantity base indicators for natural gas have also a downward trend.
Indices of physical capital and human capital that are declining in the period.
Total factor productivity Index based on output of GDP (a measure of efficiency) is faced with limited growth (18% growth over 34 years), but basedon the other output (a measure of effectiveness) is being reduced.
Jaafar Ebaddi, Yadollah Dadgar, Abolfazl Pasebani Someeh,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Abstract
Abstract It’s necessary to analyze the contexts and the reasons of fair wage occurrence, which itself entail the critique of marginal revenue productivity theory of wage; In addition, it’s crucial to describe the role of fair wage in refining the productivity and organizing the labor relations. In this vein, the present article, through analytical, descriptive and content analysis methods, identifies that due to involuntary unemployment and in the absence of market-clearing Walrasian wage, it’s essential to explain and operationalize all the aspects involving in formation of fair wage; otherwise the conflicts among laborers and labor :union:s in one hand, and laborers and management may arise. In confrontation with post-globalization era, and its ensuing economic crises and other dramatic changes, this theory can be useful in refining traditional theories of wage.
Mohammad Hossien Rahmati, Seyed Ali Madanizadeh, Masud Jabari, Ali Karimirad,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (10-2015)
Abstract
This paper employs a quantitative business cycle approach to study the main causes of recent stagnation in Iran. Four wedges as investment, labor, productivity, and government spending are separately computed in a general equilibrium framework. These wedges, respectively represent the existing frictions in efficiency, labor market, investment and government spending; they are introduced separately or simultaneously in the basic model to specify to what extent each wedges can explain the
decline in production, labor force and investment in the period of stagflation in 1390s. The findings indicate that productivity wedges alone can substantially explain the fluctuations in production, investment, and partially labor force; accordingly, the labor force wedge is the major factor in explaining the labor market fluctuations. In effect, the investment and government spending wedges do not have a prominent role in providing the explanation for fluctuations in variables in question and also for the emergence of the recent stagflation.
Reza Khaleghi, Ali Akbar Pourmousa,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (4-2016)
Abstract
Privatization has been one of the most important aspects of the economic transition from a Centralized economy to a market economy In order to have maximum productivity. Theoretical arguments and empirical evidence suggests an effective performance incentive mechanism and corporate governance, and increase their productivity if the lack of government interference. In this study, after identifying privatization purpose in Iran, we By using value- added productivity model, evaluate Total productivity, production resource productivity (Labor، material، capital) and performance productivity (Sales/employment، profit /employment ) effects associated with privatization of state-owned enterprises, in five year’s pre and post privatization. The results show, privatization of state-owned enterprises from 1994 to 2011 through stock exchange, dosn’t not increased total productivity. Also, from the resource productivity approach, privatization, increases the labor productivity but don’t increase materials and capital productivity. From the performance productivity approach, only increase Sales/employment and doesn’t increase profit /employment. Keywords: privatization, productivity, By privatization enterprises, value- added productivity model.
Ali Reza Amini, Ali Reza Farhadikia,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (3-2017)
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze factors affecting employment across nine economic sectors in the economy of Iran over the period of 1973-2011. Based on the results of dynamic models used for ARDL estimation of employment functions across all economic sectors, it is revealed that production variable has had a positive impact on employment and per capita capital, where as an index of relative cost of employing labor(w/r), bearing a negative impact on employment. Moreover, the impact of Total Factor Productivity, treated as an index of technology, on demand for labor has been negative and statistically meaningful for agriculture, industry, utilities (electricity, gas and water), telecommunications and other service sectors. As such, it is concluded that growth in production plays a significant role for growth in employment generation, but one should not overlook the negative impact of per capita capital and technological progress on labor employment. Estimations based on employment functions indicate that if average growth is achieved at 8% per annum, during the Sixth Development Plan, the average net annual job creation will be around 949,000 and the unemployment rate will fall to 9%.
Alireza Amini, Mostafa Mohammadi, Zahra Alizadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Promoting Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is one of the methods to improve the competitiveness in the mining sector. Even so, it is of great importance to find a practical solution for productivity improvement. In this study, value added was measured by an innovative method based on the Divisia quantity index for seven mineral activities for the period 1994-2016. The results of calculating TFP by Tornquist approximation of Divisia index show that the annual average of TFP growth was 2.6% over the period; Also, 29.2% of total value added growth stems from TFP growth. The highest share of TFP growth in increasing value added pertains to coal mining activity with 33.6%, and the growth of the production of mineral chemicals activity has been achieved only through increased usage of resources. Subsequently, the impact rate of human capital and R&D on TFP growth was measured by using the method of generalized method of moments (GMM) for panel data. The results of the estimation model by panel data method indicate that the graduated employees as representatives of human capital, R&D capital, and mining activity scale have a positive and significant effect on the TFP. However, R&D capital and human capital have minimum impact on TFP growth.
Samaneh Norani-Azad, Farhad Khodadad-Kashi,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to measure the productivity and efficiency of Iran’s airline industry. To meet this ends, the data of 12 companies in the airline industry were used over the period 2011-2018. Also, this article sought to measure total factor productivity, technological progress, scale efficiency, and changes in technical efficiency by using a stochastic frontier and parametric approaches. The results show that the highest total factor productivity and change efficiency occurred in 2014. Moreover, among the effective factors on productivity, the change efficiency and economies of scale have the greatest impact. Although some of the companies exhausted all the scale economies, some still have not done that yet. Therefore, by increasing product scale and air fleet capacity, economies of scale can be exploited further. In addition, the results imply that increasing the market share of each company leads to a reduction of inefficiency in this industry. Thus market share being aligned with technological progress, scale efficiency and change efficiency are the determining factors in enhancing total factor productivity and efficiency in this industry.
Ali Motavasseli, Najmeh Khani-Saryazdi,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
The share of factors of production in the GDP of a country represents an overall picture of its aggregate production technology. The share of reproducible factors (i.e., physical capital and human capital), and the share of non-reproducible factors (i.e., natural capital and unskilled labor) from total production varies considerably across different countries. In this paper, the impact of nonrenewable resource abundance or dependence on various factor shares is studied. Cross-sectional data of countries using OLS and 2SLS estimates are investigated. The results show that the share of natural capital in GDP is higher in the countries that are more dependent on nonrenewable resources or enjoy resource abundance. Moreover, human capital share and unskilled labor share are both lower in countries with higher degrees of resource dependence. Further research is needed to shed light on how resource abundance or dependence affects factor shares of economies.
Saeed Jafari, Marziyeh Esfandiari, Mosayeb Pahlavani,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
The present study examines the main and interaction effects of the variables that affect the total factor productivity (TFP) in East and West Asian countries. To this end, this paper provides a short-term and long-term analysis of the factors affecting productivity differences in these countries during the period 1998-2018. According to the results, the main factors that influence the increase in productivity in both the short-term and long-term in East Asia are the share of fossil fuels use, good governance, oil rents, and human capital, respectively; while the most important factors in increasing productivity in West Asia are good governance and trade openness, respectively. Correspondingly, the share of fossil fuels use, human capital, oil rents, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and financial development have been the most important factors in the difference in productivity in East and West Asian countries in both short-term and the long-term. Moreover, good governance has increased the productivity of all factors in West Asian countries (in the short-term), and in East Asian countries (in the long-term). Furthermore, in West Asian countries, in both short-term and long-term, the interaction effect of good governance and oil rents has increased the TFP; also, the interaction effect of human capital and oil rents has reduced the TFP, while the interaction of human capital and foreign direct investment had no effect on the TFP.
Erfaneh Rasekh Jahromi, Samaneh Norani Azad,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the productivity and efficiency in meadow mushroom cultivation industry. To achieve this goal, by using the growth of total factors productivity in meadow mushroom farms in the six selected (Fars, Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz, Khorasan Razavi and Esfahan) provinces this has been calculated using the Malmquist index and data envelopment analysis (DEA) method for the period 2008-2018. By dividing the index into two effects of change in technology and change in technical efficiency, this study evaluates the total productivity of production factors. Moreover, this study attempts to evaluate the progress and recession rates of productivity. The results indicated that Isfahan province has the highest productivity of 15.8% Per year (positive growth) and Alborz province was facing a decrease in productivity of 1.6% per year (negative growth). On the other hand, the ratio of technological changes to productivity was more than the ratio of efficiency to productivity. So, to increase meadow mushroom productivity, it is necessary to improve technical efficiency and scale efficiency. In order to achieve these important goals, the present study provides some executive and research suggestions.
Ahmad Lotfi , Farhad Khodadad Kashi , Siavash Jani ,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to understand the effect of the type of labor market contract on the productivity growth of total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran's manufacturing industries. For this purpose, while using panel data, in order to avoid the problem of simultaneity in the production function, productivity was measured by Levinsohn and Petrin semi-parametric methods. Then, using the skill intensity index, industries were divided into skilled and unskilled sections. In evaluating the impact of labor market contract type on productivity growth in skilled and unskilled sectors, the effect of two Schumpeterian growth variables on productivity growth of the leadership industry and the productivity gap between each industry and the leadership industry was also estimated. The results indicate that, first, temporary employment (TE) has a negative effect on productivity growth, but is more harmful in the skilled sectors. Second, the positive impact of the relative productivity gap and the productivity growth of the leader industry is consistent with the Schumpeterian growth literature.
Saeid Jafari, Marziyeh Esfandiari, Mosayeb Pahlavani,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
The trend of total factor productivity (TFP) and GDP growth per capita in most East Asian countries is upward and in most West Asian countries is downward or fluctuating. In this regard, this study seeks to investigate the reasons for the difference in TFP and consequently economic growth in East and West Asia. This study specifically analyzes the role of human capital, institutional factors, and relative backwardness in the productivity differences between East and West Asian countries for the period 2000-2019. The importance of this issue is that the main economic growth of countries occurs through the channel of total factor productivity and the study of factors affecting productivity can reveal the reasons for the growth of East Asian countries and the backwardness of West Asian countries. In this study, by forming two separate groups from East and West Asia, the model is estimated using the static GMM and the results for these two groups of countries are compared. The findings indicate that human capital, institutional factors, and distance to the technology frontier (DTF) are the most important reasons for the difference in productivity in East and West Asia. In most cases, human capital in East Asian countries has a positive effect on total factor productivity, while in West Asian countries it has no effect. The findings also show that institutional indicators in most cases in East Asian countries increase total factor productivity, while in West Asian countries do not have a significant effect on total factor productivity. A greater distance from the technology frontier (more relative backwardness) in West Asian countries than in East Asian countries leads to a further reduction in total factor productivity.
Esfandiar Jahangard, Jamal Kakaie, Afsaneh Sherkat, Najmeh Sajedianfard,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
The structure of production networks determines the macroeconomic responses to sectorial shocks. Accordingly, key sectors are instrumental in transmitting supply and demand-side shocks. This article applies the methodology proposed by Savoie (2017) and network theory and implements the input-output tables of the Central Bank of Iran in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010, and 2016 to examine the output multipliers of Iran's economic sectors. This article also compares the results based on Savoie's (2017) method with the driven results according to Friedkin's (1991) and Monize et al.'s (2008) methodology. The latter identifies key sectors using three centrality measures: total effect, immediate effect, and mediate effect. The results show that the "industry", "water, electricity, gas", and the "transportation and inventory" sectors have always had the highest connections with other sectors, and also have had the highest output multiplier. Besides, the "industry" and the "ICT" sectors are detected as the key and the developing sectors in Iran's economy, respectively. In addition, based on Friedkin's (1991) and Monize et al.'s (2008) methodology, the "construction" and "other services" sectors can foster Iran's economic growth; even though based on Savoie's (2017) methodology, these sectors relatively had a lower output multiplier.
Ph.d Seyed Kamal Sadrghi, Mr Ali Talib Hussein Al-Saadi,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract
Nowadays, improving productivity, as the most important factor affecting economic growth, has become one of the basic concerns of policymakers. Considering the importance of productivity on the one hand, and the important role of the age composition of labor force and health expenditures on it, on the other hand, this study aims to investigate the relationship between government health expenditures and labor productivity, taking into account the threshold effects of aging labor force participation rate in MENA countries during 2000-2023 applying threshold dynamic and static regression method of panel data. The results show that labor productivity of the previous year has a positive and significant effect on current productivity. Moreover, when old labor force participation rate is lower than 14.40, health spending does not have a significant effect on the productivity, but in the conditions where old labor force participation rate is more than 14.40, health spending has a positive and significant relationship with productivity. Also, based on the results, the variables of FDI and ICT have positive and significant effects, and education and trade openness have negative and significant relationships with labor productivity.
Dr Farideh Khodadadi,
Volume 29, Issue 4 (2-2025)
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of the government's foreign exchange oil revenues and productivity in a small open oil economy under two low credit scenarios. Above the monetary policy maker. To achieve this goal, a new Keynesian random dynamic general equilibrium model has been designed in terms of the realities of Iran's economy, and then the effects of impulses have been investigated. After determining the input values of the model and estimating the parameters using the seasonal data of the Iranian economy during the period of 1991-2022 using the Bayesian estimation method, the results obtained from the simulation of the model variables indicate the validity of the model in describing the fluctuations of the Iranian economy. By examining the reaction shock functions for the key variables of the model in relation to the impulse of the government's foreign exchange oil revenues and productivity under two scenarios of low and high credibility of the monetary policy maker, we came to the conclusion that, when the monetary policy maker has the necessary credibility, the economic agents of the effects of the impulses consider it temporary and do not tie their decisions to it. Therefore, even if the policymaker does not adopt a specific policy to reduce the fluctuations of the impulses, the effects of the impulses will be discharged faster and the variables will stabilize sooner than when the credibility of the monetary policymaker is low.
